Bob has a string s which contains only lowercase. Replace num[i] with any digit between '0' and '9'.

Bob has a string s which contains only lowercase Jul 15, 2025 · Given string str of length N, the task is to check whether the given string contains uppercase alphabets, lowercase alphabets, special characters, and numeric values or not. In Python, how to check if a string only contains certain characters? I need to check a string containing only a. The most efficient way to achieve this is by using the isalpha() method, which checks if all characters in a string are alphabetic. Input Format The first and only line of input contains the String S Output Format Print the resultant String on a single line. Valid vowels are: 'a', 'e', 'i', 'o', and 'u'. Find the minimum cost T to delete a number of characters (possibly zero) from S so that C doesn't appear as a sub sequence of S. Append a lowercase English letter c to the end of the string s. If the string does not contain ar unique character, return -1. Example s = "statistics" The unique characters are [a, c] among You are given a string s, Alice and Bob will take turns playing the following game where Alice starts first: * On Alice's turn, she has to remove any non-empty substring from s that contains an odd number of vowels. trueI cannot find a single example online for what seems like a fairly simple problem. The length of the string is even. a) Determine the common characters between s and t. S contains alphanumeric characters only. The substrings do not overlap, that is for any two substrings s[i. For example, string "abba" is a palindrome and string "abc" isn't. The second line of each test case contains the string s of length n consisting only of lowercase English letters. Jul 28, 2025 · Python Exercises, Practice and Solution: Write a Python program to match a string that contains only upper and lowercase letters, numbers, and underscores. 2. Additionally, you have q queries. Return any possible rearrangement of s or return "" if not possible. The first line contains the string s s (1 ≤|s| ≤105 1 ≤ | s | ≤ 10 5) consisting of lowercase English letters. It is guaranteed that there are Can you solve this real interview question? Substring Matching Pattern - You are given a string s and a pattern string p, where p contains exactly one '*' character. Master JSON basics with this comprehensive beginner's guide. lower() in Python How to convert a single word to lowercase with lower() How to lowercase entire sentences with lower() How to use lower() in a function Common issues and best practices when using lower() Alternative methods for string case handling How to use casefold() for advanced case Jul 28, 2013 · In this problem we consider only strings consisting of lower-case English letters (a−z). The first string pattern contains only the symbols 0 and 1, and the second string s contains only lowercase English letters. If both are present, it should return true, and if either are missing, it should return false. length <= 500 * s consists of lowercase English letters. Delete the selected substring in step-1 from string S. Constraints string contains only lowercase and uppercase Latin letters. Output For each test case, print "lovely string" or "ugly string" (without quotes) according to the definition of Bob. Two of the fields are varchar - last_name and first_name. Each string contains lower case English letters and/or Return True if and only if there is at least one alphabetic character in s and the alphabetic characters in s are either all uppercase or all lowercase. The string s consists of the characters C. Then q lines follow, each line contains two integers l and r and a lowercase English letter c (1 ≤ l ≤ r ≤ 109), giving the queries. 14 islower() and isupper() only return True if all letters in the string are lowercase or uppercase, respectively. The task is to sort uppercase and lowercase characters separately such that if the ith place in the original string had an uppercase character, then it should not have a lowercase character after being sorted and vice versa. However, if the string column contains missing values, you need to handle them properly to avoid errors. On each player’s turn, that player makes a move consisting of: Choosing any x with 0 < x < N and N % x == 0. Problem Alice and Bob are playing a game. You need to then print the resultant String to output. Return True if and only if there is at least one alphabetic character in s and the alphabetic characters in s are either all uppercase or all lowercase. Initially, there is a number N on the chalkboard. Either we match the pattern with all the available special characters or we do the opposite. Jul 15, 2025 · Given a string str consisting of lowercase alphabets, the task is to find the number of possible substrings (not necessarily distinct) that consists of distinct characters only. Dec 28, 2023 · Two strings, s and t, each of length n, that contain lowercase English characters are given, as well as an integer k. Feb 20, 2021 · Alice has a string s of lowercase latin letters. Conditions • Alice and Bob make alternating moves, which means Alice makes the first move, Bob makes the second move, Alice makes the third one, and so on. 6 database. Output Format A string with removed characters as described Jun 17, 2025 · Given string s consisting of uppercase and lowercase characters. Alice starts, then they alternate moves. You need to perform exactly one operation on this string to make it lexicographically smallest. In this article, we will learn how to check if a String contains only lowercase letters in Java. By testing first, we can avoid excess work. Example Consider s="abc?" You must find the total number of ways such that the string contains only lowercase English letters and follows the stated conditions. The player who can’t make a valid move loses. Each player’s turn consists of adding an arbitrary letter cl to the left of t and an arbitrary letter cr to the right of t in such a way that t is still a substring of s. j] and s[x. Delete the last character from the string s. Engineering Computer Science Computer Science questions and answers write the solution of the program by python 3 language : I need the program using string : Q1: You are given a string s. $: the string must end with something from [a-z] As the expression only contains one range between the ^ and $, no other characters are permitted. For example, if the string is 0, 1, 00111 or 01111100, then all 1's form a contiguous subsegment, and if the Jan 11, 2023 · Question: ginortS - Hacker Rank (Python) You are given a string S. , you have to keep only first occurance of each letter. • During each move, the current player must choose a substring "" of string s and replace Alice and Bob are playing a game where they start with the string S. e. If a string’s (s) characters are in uppercase, then the string (s) must equal the result of s. For example, if s = "andrea" s = "andrea The game comprises of a String S which consist of lowercase English alphabets only and both players take alternative terms. The player who can’t make a move, loses. Afterwards, the first player chooses another string T that is a substring of the string S. We must implement our own custom IsLower and IsUpper methods. islower() to check if my_string contains only lowercase letters, ignoring the dashes, exclamation point, and newline: Remove redundant characters from stringYou are given a string, str, of length N consisting of lowercase letters of alphabet. My solution passed all the testcases. Each player also has a string of their own, initially empty. Jul 11, 2025 · Java String toLowerCase () method is used to convert all letters to lowercase in a given string. More formally, if there was That's why he has a string s s having length 10 10 made containing only lowercase Latin letters. The function returns a string that counts the number of each item and consolidates them in the following order: Output Format Print a single character: Chef's lucky letter . You have to remove all those characters from str which have already appeared in it, i. When rows are inserted into this table, the first name and last name fields are sup Initially they have a binary string s s consisting of only characters 0 and 1. "We are given two strings P and Q, each consisting of N lowercase English letters. For example, "abABB" is nice because 'A' and 'a' appear, and 'B' and 'b' appear. Also, string p p is consisting of unique letters. Given a string s consisting of lowercase English letters and the character "?", develop an algorithm to interpolate the string by replacing the question marks with lowercase English letters so that it can be rearranged to form a palindrome. I have already stripped out an inputted string if it contains any number 0-9 and if it contains an Uppercase le Jun 19, 2023 · When working with string columns in pandas dataframes, it’s often necessary to convert all the values to lowercase. You are given a string num of even length consisting of digits and '?' characters. The total length of the strings over all testcases doesn't exceed 2000 2000. Can you solve this real interview question? Replace All ?'s to Avoid Consecutive Repeating Characters - Given a string s containing only lowercase English letters and the '?' character, convert all the '?' characters into lowercase letters such that the final string does not contain any consecutive repeating characters. The string contains only words for the items the customer can order separated by one space. '+, -, x. * On Bob's turn, he has to remove any non-empty substring from s that contains an even number of vowels. z, 0. A unique character is one that appears only once a string. We have a logic to check if a string contains only alphabets and numbers, we use that pattern and reverse it to get to know & check if string contains special characters. Jul 23, 2025 · Naive Approach: The simplest approach to solve the given problem is to generate all possible substrings of the given string and count those substrings having even frequency of every character. Aug 15, 2023 · One way to check if a string contains only letters is by using the isalpha () method. Apr 24, 2023 · Sometimes, while working with strings, we are concerned about the case sensitivity of strings and might require getting just a specific case of character in a long string. Here the answer is 1, As "abca" is the only possiblity. Perform the following operation: * Select any non-empty substring then replace every letter of the substring with the preceding letter of the English alphabet. Nov 21, 2020 · Description Alice and Bob take turns playing a game, with Alice starting first. In each query, you are provided a substring represented by indices / and r and a character x. The Student table has the following columns:FirstName - VARCHAR (20) LastName - VARCHAR (20) Major - CHAR (4)Complete the SELECT statement to return two strings: The first string contains the student's major in uppercase and the second string contains the student's first name in uppercase. The length of the string s s is even. A string can contain Uppercase letters, Lowercase letters, or numbers of special characters. Sep 18, 2023 · Select any non-empty substring of s, possibly the entire string, then replace each one of its characters with the previous character of the English alphabet. Input First line contains number of tests T , then T strings follow. Feb 21, 2017 · Alice and Bob are playing a game in which Bob gives a string SS of length NN consisting of lowercase English alphabets to Alice and ask her to calculate the number of sub-strings of this string which contains exactly 3 vowels. You are given a string consisting of lowercase letters of the English alphabet. You are given a string s, Alice and Bob will take turns playing the following game where Alice starts first: * On Alice's turn, she has to remove any non-empty substring from s that contains an odd number of vowels. In each round, there will be a string s s consisting of lowercase English letters. Thus, the simplest way is to iterate through all sub-strings of length 26 then for each sub-string count the number of occurrences of each alphabet, ignoring the question marks. The players also have their individual strings A (belonging to Alice) and B (belonging to Bob) which are empty in the beginning. If the Mar 6, 2022 · A string s is nice if, for every letter of the alphabet that s contains, it appears both in uppercase and lowercase. Example: How can I check if a string contains only numbers and lower case letters? I only managed to check if it contains numbers and lower case letters and doesn't contain upper case letters but I don't k 1 day ago · In this guide, we’ll explore **step-by-step methods** to convert all keys in a Python dictionary to lowercase, including handling nested dictionaries, non-string keys, and edge cases. In this process, the positions of the other n − k n k characters remain unchanged. The '*' in p can be replaced with any sequence of zero or more characters. You'd have to test for individual characters; any() and a generator expression makes that relatively efficient: Jun 22, 2020 · Character cases in SAS In SAS you can modify a character’s case with the LOWCASE, UPCASE, and PROPCASE functions. Mar 23, 2015 · I'm stuck on a task of trying to print words that contain only lowercase letters a-z. For example, if s = 'azcbobobegghakl', your program should print: Number of vowels: 5 ''' count = 0 for char in s: if char == 'a' or char == 'e' or char == 'i' or char == 'o' or char == 'u': count += 1 HackerRank Advanced Coding Questions, which have been asked in the previous years, are given here with solutions for practicing hackerrank. The second line contains a string s representing the given string. Jan 10, 2012 · I've been Googling a lot and I didn't find an answer for my question: How can I check with a regular expression whether a string contains at least one of each of these: Uppercase letter Lowercase The game comprises of a String S which consist of lowercase English alphabets only and both players take alternative terms. If the player before his turn can reorder the letters in string s so as to get a palindrome, this player wins. We’ll cover basic scenarios, handle edge cases like non-string values, nested dictionaries, and lists, and even explore case-insensitive checks. e, the characters 'a' to 'z') A string is called a special if all the characters of the alphabets (uppercase or lowercase) appear in it at least once. How would I write that in the form of an 'if' statement? You are given a string s consisting of lowercase English letters. Example 1: Input: s = "aab" Output: "aba" Example 2: Input: s = "aaab" Output: "" Constraints: * 1 <= s. The first string pattern contains only the symbols o and 1 , and the second string s contains only lowercase English letters. Input Format First line of input contains a string str of length N. You want all 1's in the string to form a contiguous subsegment. lower() in Python? How to use string. A substring that contains a certain character Jul 23, 2025 · Checking for the presence of lowercase letters involves scanning the string and verifying if at least one character is a lowercase letter (from 'a' to 'z'). You cannot modify the non '?' characters. Then, you select k k characters of s s and permute them however you want. d) Concatenate s and t into a new string. b) Find the longest common subsequence of s and t. abbreviation has the following parameter (s): - a: the string to modify - b: the string to match Input Format The first line contains a single integer q, the number of queries, Each of the next q pairs of lines is as follows: - The May 24, 2025 · Python Exercises, Practice and Solution: Write a Python program to check if a given string contains only lowercase or uppercase characters. 2. 9, and . Write a program that counts up the number of vowels contained in the string s. Alice is allowed to remove any substring of even length (possibly empty) and Bob is allowed to remove any substring of odd length from s s. Dec 28, 2021 · I want to write a function that checks if a string contains lowercase and uppercase letters. c) Count the number of distinct characters in s and t. Next T lines contain a single string S. e. It's wrong because if my_str contains numeric or punctuation characters that are not changed by . By the end, you’ll have the tools to ensure your dictionaries are clean, consistent, and error-free. You are given a string consisting of lowercase and uppercase Latin letters. Return 'True' if the string is uppercase or lowercase, otherwise 'False'. , abs (s,-1) Find the maximum length of a substring of s that can be changed to the corresponding substring of t with a total cost less than or equal to K Jun 6, 2021 · IsUpper, IsLower Some C# strings contain only lowercase letters. Python provides simple and efficient ways to solve this problem using built-in string methods and constructs like loops and comprehensions. Bob gave Alice an array of integers A of size N representing the cost of deleting each letter in strings S. Solution Computer Science questions and answers You are given a string s consisting only of lowercase Latin letters. If the You are given a string s, Alice and Bob will take turns playing the following game where Alice starts first: * On Alice's turn, she has to remove any non-empty substring from s that contains an odd number of vowels. Question Alice vs Bob Battle Alice and Bob are playing a game with a strings of length n. You are allowed to change at most 1 character. This article answers the question of how to change a string into lowercase, uppercase, or proper case in SAS. Question: Given a string s of length N consisting only of lowercase English alphabets. Nov 13, 2022 · You need to partition the string until it is empty in the following way, Select a maximum length substring from the beginning of string S such that it has at most K distinct characters. 0. You are given a string S; this string may only contain uppercase English letters Sep 15, 2017 · Hi I am trying to find a regEx which only accepts lower case letters nothing else, I tired few options nothing worked, Can some one please guide me : here are the expressions I tried : Aug 15, 2025 · C++ Exercises, Practice and Solution: Write a C++ program to check if a given string contains only uppercase or only lowercase letters. Lexicographically Smallest String After Substring Operation - Given a string s consisting of lowercase English letters. I have a table, users, in an Oracle 9. It is possible to replace question marks with lowercase English letters in such a way that a string " abacaba " occurs as a substring in a resulting string exactly once? Each question mark should be replaced with exactly one lowercase English ''' Pset-1 problem-1 Assume s is a string of lower case characters. Return true if p can be made a substring of s, and false otherwise. Game begins with Alice and both players take alternate turns. You perform the following operation on the above string: Delete some substring of this string. You have to perform this operation exactly once. In her/his turn, the player picks a single character from string S, adds it to the end of their individual string and 1 Given two strings pattern and s. ’) indicate that there are infinitely many characters before and after the string. 9. Jan 1, 2013 · Closed 12 years ago. Usage Methods Using the lower() method The lower() method is a straightforward way to convert a string to lowercase. Link to the problem: Problem: (A) Mike and palindrome Question: Mike has a string s consis Jun 17, 2025 · Given string s consisting of uppercase and lowercase characters. lower() then the comparison returns True which is incorrect, because the OP wanted to test if the string contained only lowercase characters. Alice moves first and both the players take alternate turns. lower () method, which converts all the characters in a string to lowercase. Example This program contains a static class of extension methods. In this article, you’ll discover a step-by-step guide on how to convert strings to lowercase, as well as specialized methods for different scenarios like data processing and file handling. y], either j < x or i > y is true. Your task is to obtain a good string by rearranging the letters of the given string or report that it is impossible to do it. islower() to check if my_string contains only lowercase letters, ignoring the dashes, exclamation point, and newline: Oct 18, 2021 · While on SO someone posted this question and I gave it a quick try. ‘h’ would be true, but ‘hello’ would be false. Return the minimum number of operations needed. For each position in the strings, we have to choose one letter from either P or Q, in order to construct a new string S, such that the number of distinct letters in S is minimal. Method #1: Using list comprehension + islower () List comprehension and islower function can be used to perform this particular task Jun 24, 2025 · C# Sharp exercises and solution: Write a C# Sharp program to check if a given string contains only lowercase or uppercase characters. For each player to play his turn, there should be at least one character in the string. . Alice and Bob make alternating moves: Alice makes the first move, Bob makes the second move, Alice makes the third one, and so on. Therefore, following this idea, let’s create two check methods, one for uppercase check and the other one for lowercase That is, all the uppercase letters should be converted to lowercase and all the lowercase letters should be converted to uppercase. Is there a method that checks for these cases? Or do I need to parse each letter in the string, and check if it's lower case (letter) and is a number/letter? Without this, the regex would only be true for strings with only one lowercase character present. toUpperCase (). It is guaranteed that there are Alice has a string S with length N and Bob has a string C with length M. Given a string consisting of lowercase English letters only, return the index of the first occurrence of a unique character in the string usi 1-based indexing. This can be done using the str. This is the string Alice and Bob used to start with. He defines s′ s to be the string after removing all " a " characters from s s (keeping all other characters in the same order). Explore methods, examples, and best practices in this comprehensive guide. Initially they have a string s and its substring t. Constraints SS has a length of 1010 SS contains only lowercase Latin letters (i. You are having a string S of length N containing only lowercase English letters. In each turn, a Player choose a character present in the string and remove all occurrences of the character. You must split this string into a minimal number of substrings in such a way that no letter occurs more than once in each substring. (period) and no other character. Whether you’re dealing with messy text data, inconsistent formatting, or unstructured entries, Pandas—a powerful Python library for data manipulation—offers a suite of string methods to streamline these tasks. Each player’s turn consists of adding one character to the end of the T string in such a way that, after each turn, string T is a substring of the string S. Jul 19, 2023 · In this problem you will be given a string S , consisting of lowercase alphabets (a-z), in which each character is unique. Timur wants to know how many indices string s s differs from the string " codeforces ". 1 day ago · This blog post will guide you through **step-by-step methods** to check if dictionary values contain or start with a specific string. Replacing the number N on the chalkboard with N - x. Then 3 3 lines follow, each line contains a string, giving the string s s, c c, and p p, respectively. r] of s if the following 3 conditions are met: they have equal length; for each 0 in pattern the corresponding letter in the substring is Jul 16, 2024 · In this article, we are going to learn how can we check if a string contains uppercase, lowercase, special characters, and numeric values. Two strings, s, and t, each of length n, that contain lowercase English characters are given as well as an integer K ALL 1 The cost to change the th character in s from sto t is the absolute difference of the ASCII value of characters, i. 1 day ago · String manipulation is a cornerstone of data cleaning and preprocessing. Write a function def solution (S) that, given a Dec 3, 2008 · Is there a regular expression which checks if a string contains only upper and lowercase letters, numbers, and underscores? Alice and Bob are playing a game. // You are given a string s containing lowercase English letters, and a matrix shift, where shift [i] = [direction, amount]: // direction can be 0 (for left shift) or 1 (for right shift). Mar 22, 2025 · Python provides built - in methods to perform this conversion easily. These strings do not need to be lowercased. Let's discuss certain ways in which only lowercase letters can be extracted from a string. There will be t t rounds in the game. Can you solve this real interview question? Reorganize String - Given a string s, rearrange the characters of s so that any two adjacent characters are not the same. Two strings A and B comprising of lower case English letters are compatible if they are equal or can be made equal by following this step any number of times: Select a prefix from the string A (possibly empty), and increase the alphabetical value of all the characters in the prefix by the same valid amount. Learn JSON syntax, data types, structure, parsing, and real-world applications with code examples. Also, SAS has functions to check whether a string contains (or not) any lowercase / uppercase characters. Let's call a string good if it is not a palindrome. Now you will be Alice and Bob are playing a game with strings. The first line contains an integer n representing the maximum length of string that Bob can write. We have given string str of length N, the task is to check whether the given string contains uppercase alphabets, lowercase alphabets, special characters, and numeric values or not. Possible Duplicate: Regular Expressions: low-caps, dots, zero spaces How could I change the regular expression below to only allow lower-case letters? What is string. Oct 17, 2012 · Would there be a function that lets me detect a lowercase letter within the string s? Possibly ending up with assigning those letters to a different variable, or just printing the lowercase letters or number of lowercase letters. You need to convert the strings to a palindrome by performing a series of operations described above. Can you solve this real interview question? Maximum Number of Non-Overlapping Substrings - Given a string s of lowercase letters, you need to find the maximum number of non-empty substrings of s that meet the following conditions: 1. Jan 10, 2012 · I've been Googling a lot and I didn't find an answer for my question: How can I check with a regular expression whether a string contains at least one of each of these: Uppercase letter Lowercase Feb 2, 2019 · From Codechef: A string is considered balanced if and only if all the characters occur in it equal number of times. You are given a string s consisting of lowercase English letters. Initially, they are given a non-empty string 𝑠 s, consisting of lowercase Latin letters. Alice goes first. They have a common string S of length N. Each character is either 0 or 1. Problem Statement Steve has a string, S, consisting of n lowercase English alphabetic >letters. Also, if a player cannot make a move, they lose the game. Master Java string manipulation techniques. Let's say that pattern matches a substring s[l. g. Jul 4, 2019 · How to check if string contains numbers, letters? To check if string contains special characters there are two methods. You must choose some number k k between 0 0 and n n. A palindrome is a string that reads the same both ways (from left to right, and vice versa). Try permuting the remaining characters of the string such that they become a palindrome. Alice and Bob are playing a game. You can perform two types of operations on the string: 1. We add them with extension methods in a static class. You are given a string s consisting of lowercase English letters. Our task is to find the number of distinct Dec 22, 2021 · Codebyte Example Use . In one operation, he can delete any pair of adjacent letters Sep 13, 2018 · Regex to check if a string contains only letters (lower/caps), numbers and some special characters Ask Question Asked 7 years, 2 months ago Modified 7 years, 2 months ago Jul 12, 2025 · In Python, extracting strings that contain only alphabetic characters involves filtering out any strings that include numbers or special characters. This method returns True if all characters in the string are alphabetic, meaning they are either uppercase or lowercase letters. The first line contains a single integer t t (1 ≤ t ≤ 1000 1 ≤ t ≤ 1000) — the number of testcases. Jan 8, 2024 · Converting and Comparing We know that the String class offers us two methods: toUpperCase () and toLowerCase (). Another string INF is formed by repeating the string S infinitely many times. May 7, 2025 · The Task is to make a sub-string of length 26 that has all the lowercase characters. Each testcase consists of a single line — a non-empty string s s, consisting of lowercase Latin letters. Approaches to Check Whether a String Contains Only Lowercase Letters The idea here is very simple. The trueI cannot find a single example online for what seems like a fairly simple problem. Dec 27, 2016 · Online challenge on Hacker Rank. A string s s of length n n, consisting of lowercase letters of the English alphabet, is given. On each turn, a player will do the following if there is still at least one '?' in num: 1. Bob saw Alice enjoying her string, and he immediately thought about the following question: is there a way to replace exactly one letter in S, such that there's permutation of the resultant string which is palindrome sample input -3,qa, S, rlix sample output -2 Python lowercase operations are essential techniques for string manipulation in various programming tasks. The IsUpper and IsLower methods are public static methods Bob has a string s s consisting of lowercase English letters. Example: If S = “abcde” then the string INF is …abcdeabcdeabcde… Here the dots (’. Question: You are given two strings pattern and s. Return True if and only if Alice wins the Is there a method that checks for these cases? Or do I need to parse each letter in the string, and check if it's lower case (letter) and is a number/letter? Function Description Complete the function abbreviation in the editor below, It must return either Y ES or NO. Oct 31, 2016 · Let's say I'd like to know if String text contains at least one lower case letter, one upper case, and a number. Both strings s s and p p contains only lowercase English letters, while string c c contains only digits. Learn how to check if a string is in lowercase in Java using various methods like toLowerCase (), Character. For example, here are some correct splits of the string "abacdec": ('a', 'bac', 'dec'), ('a', bacd', 'ec') and ('ab', 'ac', 'dec'). You can rearrange all letters of this string as you wish. For example, 'b' is converted to 'a', and 'a' is converted to 'z'. These methods are part of the string object's methods, which can be called on any string instance. A string is a palindrome if it reads exactly the same from left to right as it does from right to left. Replace num[i] with any digit between '0' and '9'. While applying string methods to a single column is straightforward, scaling this to **multiple columns Learn how to check if a string is uppercase or lowercase in Java. It returns a new string where all the uppercase characters in the original string have been converted to You are given a string s s of length n n consisting of lowercase English letters and question marks. Can you solve this real interview question? Sum Game - Alice and Bob take turns playing a game, with Alice starting first. Before she plays Feb 15, 2024 · Also, it can be empty or can have a single letter. Choose an index i where num[i] == '?'. isLowerCase (), and handling non-letter characters. rctaek zzj dagcgg jyoic upjrzu alhm ongmcm kijrdz acg nnbxm pbuz nudgi vzth kumd gzbuw